Physical Properties¶
The intrinsic property of materials essential to Goma is the density. As Goma presumes that all materials are incompressible, density is a constant in the governing differential equations. However, several options for models of density are present in the code because numerous processes lead to density changes, though during any analysis cycle, the density is constant.
Default Database¶
Default Database = {GOMA_MAT | CHEMKIN_MAT}
Description / Usage¶
This card sets the default material database type. The default for this card is GOMA_MAT. In that case, all material properties for the current material are obtained from the current material file being read. If the default database is Chemkin, then the Chemkin 3 linking files are read in, and initialization of most of the methods and data for thermodynamic function evaluation, the stoichiometry and names of species and elements, the homogeneous and heterogeneous source terms for chemical reactions and their coupling into the energy equation, and transport property evaluations occurs. Many fields in the materials database file that were required now are optional. After Chemkin initialization, the rest of the materials database file is then read in. At that time, some fields containing methods and data that were initialized with Chemkin methods and data may be overwritten with methods and data specified by the material file. Other fields not initialized or even handled by Chemkin (such as surface tension) must be initialized for the first time by the materials file. Thus, the use of Chemkin materials database doesn’t mitigate the need for a Goma materials file.
Technical Discussion¶
Chemkin includes its own rigorous treatment of ideal gas thermodynamics and transport property evaluations, providing it with a solid foundation on which to build kinetics mechanisms and a rigorous treatment of gas phase transport property evaluation. In order to maintain internal consistency, the new treatment must be used in its entirety.
References¶
No References.
Density¶
Density = {model_name} {float_list} [M/L3]
Description / Usage¶
This required card is used to specify the model, and all associated parameters, for density. Definitions of the input parameters are as follows:
{model_name} |
Name of the density model. This parameter can have one of the following values: CONSTANT, USER, FILL, SUSPENSION, IDEAL_GAS, THERMAL_BATTERY, LEVEL_SET, CONST_PHASE_FUNCTION, FOAM, REACTIVE_FOAM, or SOLVENT_POLYMER. Boussinesq models can be selected through the Navier-Stokes Source card. |
{float_list} |
One or more floating point numbers (<float1> through <floatn> whose interpretation is determined by the selection for {model_name}. |
Thus, choices for {model_name} and the accompanying parameter list are given below; additional guidance to the user can be found in the Technical Discussion section following the Examples.
CONSTANT <float1> |
For the CONSTANT density model, {float_list} is a single value:
|
USER <float1> … <floatn> |
For a user-defined model, the set of parameters specified as <float1> through <floatn> are defined in the function usr_density. |
FILL <float1> <float2> |
The model is used with the fill equation when the location of the free surface between two fluids is tracked with a volume-of-fluid method. The {float_list} contains two values for this model, where:
This card is required when using the FILL momentum source model (Navier-Stokes Source in Source Terms section of manual) since it makes use of this model to compute the value of the density. |
SUSPENSION <float1> <float2> <float3> |
The option is used to model a suspension where the solid particle phase and the carrier fluid have different densities. The {float_list} contains three values for this model, where:
|
THERMAL_BATTERY <float1> <float2> |
This model is used to relate electrolyte density to field variables such as mole fraction. A simple empirical form is used, with two constants in the {float_list}:
(See Technical Discussion.) |
SOLVENT_POLYMER <float1> |
This density model is used primarily in problems involving drying of polymeric solutions. The single float parameter on this card is specific volume of the solvent material. Note that the numerical value for this parameter must be chosen to be consistent with the specific volumes for each species in the solution set with the Specific Volumes card in the material file (discussed below). |
LEVEL_SET <float1> <float2> <float3> |
This model is used to vary the density in the flow regime when following an interface between two fluids using level set interface tracking. This choice assures a smooth transition in density across the zero level set contour. The {float_list} contains three values for this model, where:
This card is required when using the LEVEL_SET momentum source model (Navier-Stokes Source in Source Terms section of manual) since it makes use of this model to compute the value of the density. |
CONST_PHASE_FUNCTION <floatlist> <float1> <float2> |
This model is used to vary the density in the flow regime when using phase function tracking of muliple phases. This choice assures a smooth transition in density across the phase boundaries. The {float_list} contains a variable number of values that depend on the number phase functions being tracked, where:
This card is required when using the PHASE_FUNCTION momentum source model (Navier-Stokes Source in Source Terms section of manual) since it makes use of this model to compute the value of the density. |
REACTIVE_FOAM <float1> |
This model is used when a constant density assumption does not apply in the model of interest, as with reactive mixtures. While this model was implemented for foam applications, the form of the density equation is quite universal. One important assumption in this model is that the volume change upon mixing is zero. The single float input is the specific volume of the N+1 species (not modeled in the problem). This model choice requires the use of the FOAM species source model - Goma will fail if it is not specified. Please see the Species Source section for instructions on specifying the FOAM model. |
Examples¶
Following are some sample input cards:
Density = CONSTANT 1000.
Density = LEVEL_SET 0.05 0.0001 0.25
DENSITY = CONST_PHASE_FUNCTION 0.9 0.001 12.0 0.0 0.00001
Technical Discussion¶
The CONSTANT density model prescribes an unchanging value for an incompressible fluid; only a single value need be specified by the user.
The USER model provides a means for the user to create a custom density model for his/her problem. This user-defined model must be incorporated by modifying the usr_density function in the file user_mp.c. The parameters needed by this model are entered in the {float_list} and are passed to the usr_density routine as an array.
The FILL model is used when the location of the interface between two fluids is tracked with an explicit volume-of-fluid method. The value of density is defined from the following:
where \(\rho_1\) and \(\rho_0\) are the phase densities obtained from the FILL density card, F is the value of the fill color function. As can be seen, \(\rho_1\) is the density value when F = 1 while \(\rho_0\) is the density value when F = 0. In the transition zone between these to extremes of F, the density will simply be a weighted average of the two values.
The SUSPENSION model is used to model a suspension where the solid particle phase and the carrier fluid have different densities. The concentration of the continuum mixture is defined by the following relationship:
where \(\phi\) is the volume fraction of the solid particulate phase, \(\rho_f\) , is the density of the fluid in the carrier fluid and \(\rho_s\), is the density of the solid particulate phase. The solid particulate phase has an associated species number as this is designates the species equation being solved for this component.
The THERMAL_BATTERY model is used to relate electrolyte density to field variables such as mole fraction. A simple empirical form is used with the density of the system being specified by the following equation,:
where \(x_i\) is the mole fraction of ionic species i, \(\rho_0\) is the base electrolyte density and is a constant.
The LEVEL_SET density model is used to vary the density in the flow regime from one phase to the other when the interface between two fluids is being followed by level set interface tracking. The model assures a smooth transition in density across the zero level set contour. The density as a function of the level set function value, \(\phi\), is as follows:
where
is a smooth Heaviside function, \(\phi\) is the value of the level set function, \(\rho_+\) and \(\rho_-\) are density values of the fluids assigned positive or negative values of the level set function, respectively, and α is the density transition length scale, that is, half the width of the transition zone between density values. Note that this value may differ from the level set length scale parameter set elsewhere.
The CONST_PHASE_FUNCTION model computes the density at a given point with the following relation:
where \(\rho_i\) are the individual phase function ( \(\phi_i\) ) densities, \(H_a( \phi_i )\) , is the smoothed Heaviside function using the length scale specified on the card. The parameter \(\rho_theta\) is the null density and will only come into play at points were all phase function values are less than zero. In theory, this shouldn’t happen for well posed problems, but in practice it is not uncommon.
The SPECIES_SOURCE and REACTIVE_FOAM models both employ the following density formula:
where \(w_j\) is the mass fraction of component j and \(V_j\) is the specific volume of species j; these two parameters are set by the Specific Volume cards in the material file. The variable N is the total number of bulk species. The variable \(V_n+1\) is the specific volume specified in the density card.